阅读理解中的因果关系的陷阱,你都中计了吗?
阅读理解中经常会要求推断事件的前因后果。考生在做题时,一是由于有的文章没有明显的因果关系连词,所以找不着因果联系。二是找到的因果关系并非符合题干的要求。下面我们通过学生在日常练题中的疑惑为例来解决以上问题。典例一:这是来自一位学员的提问
具体试题如下:The exams regulator in England, Ofqual, is "killing off" modern languages by failing to address the excessive difficulty of language GCSE and A-level exams, according to more than 150 academics. In a letter published in the Guardian, the 152 academics warn that the exams are graded too severely and the stress for pupils is "disproportionate" "They will have to sit excessively difficult exams and accept that their grade may well end up lower than their performance deserves." the letter says.
The excessive difficulty of language GCSE and A-level exams may lead to ______.
(A) the exams regulator's lack of duty concerning languages.
(B) severe grading of exams concerning language pupils.
(C) pupils' poor performance in handling the stress of learning
(D) inappropriate stress for pupils when dealing with exams.
【分析】首先需要明确是什么事件的因果联系,只有这项具体事件明白了,才会由此展开因果关系的分析。而这个事件一般会在因果关系的前面呈现出来,也就是本段第一句话:
“150多名学者表示,英国考试监管机构Ofqual因未能解决GCSE和A-level语言考试过于困难的问题,正在“扼杀”现代语言。”第二句话:exams are graded too severely and the stress for pupils is "disproportionate"“考试评分太过严格,学生的压力“不成比例” 这句话先解释原因“评分严格”,因此压力很大,揭示了这个事件的后果。最后一句话是用引号表达的,引语一般是对细节拓展,来进一步说明前一句的巨大压力“他们将不得不参加非常困难的考试,并接受他们的成绩最终可能低于他们应得的表现”。简单来说,本段中三句话,是按照 介绍事件---事件原因+事件结果---“结果的原因分析”的逻辑展开的。这道题是问该事件导致的结果,因此选D。通过这样的解释学生也就瞬间明白了这其中的逻辑。
典例二:这是来自又一位学员的提问
具体试题如下:Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other had-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it in through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.
- As another bit of good news, __________.
B. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART.
C. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zero.
D. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years.
【分析】题干问:另一个好消息是什么?相当于是问这件事情的原因。因为这篇文章的事件在首段,介绍了艾滋病的研究发展的三个好消息。本段第一句直接点明(ART)疗法是另一个乐观的理由。第二句话是说明运用ART疗法的结果--- HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other had-hit places using existing drugs“利用现有的药物,可以在非洲和其他受感染地区有效地根除艾滋病毒”,第三句话具体说明此疗法是怎么实施的。第四句话进一步说明结果it(ART) would stop people passing it(virus) in through sex“(ART)将阻止人们通过性传播病毒”,因此C选项只是解释了为什么ART可以阻止人们通过性传播病毒的原因,不能回答题干的要求。最后一句话阐明了原因By blocking the cycle of infection in this way“通过这种方式阻断感染周期”,因此这就是解答了为什么ART疗法是另一个乐观理由的原因。答案选B。这段的句子关系是:原因---结果1—结果2—原因。
【强调】很多干扰项与原文很相似,会选自原词,原短语,甚至是和原文一样的句子(像这道题的C选项)。我们需要分析句子间关系,因为每个句子有不同的功能。和原文是同义替换的,能够答中题干要害的才是正确选项。
结束语:如果做题中需要分析原因,阐释后果,那么我们在看文章时要首先看清楚“事件”是什么,再确定事件的原因和结果。
扫描二维码关注华慧考博官方微信公众号
发送消息"6"即可免费领取超值考博资料