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over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors - habits - among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to - Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever - had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day - chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins - are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”

Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.

[A] should be further cultivated

[B] should be changed gradually

[C] are deepiy rooted in history

[D] are basically private concerns

32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____

[A] reveal their impact on people’habits

[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities

[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power

[D]manifest the significant role of good habits

33.which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilver

34.From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____

[A]perfected art of products

[B]automatic behavior creation

[C]commercial promotions

[D]scientific experiments

35.the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[D]biased

本文探讨了广告营销在推动消费习惯形成方面所起的作用。第一段开门见山地指出一些消费习惯正是企业完善行为艺术的结果。第二、三段讲述改变人们习惯可以借鉴企业经验，即寻求消费者生活中的微妙线索，以导入全新的目标习惯。第四、五段用各种例子闻述消费习惯是可以培养的这一事实。第六段引用消费心理学家的话证明创造良好的习惯可以促进新产品的销售。最后一段再次强调特定行为是可以培养的这一观点，但也指出了潜在的问题。

31.【答案】A

【解析】文章第二段“ There are fundamental public health problems， how to change peoples habits”提到“一些基本的公众健康问题之所以对生命造成威胁，仅仅是因为我们没弄明白如何去改变人们的习惯”由此可知知，如果我们搞凊楚如何改变人们的习惯，不用香皂洗手这样的问是题就不会造成威胁，因此对用香皂洗手这样的习惯应该加以培养。所以A项为正确答案。

B项是对文中‘ change people' s habits”改变人们习惯的误解，故排除。C项在文中没有提到，也应排除。D项与原文中的表述不一致，文中提到“ fundamental public health problem3也就是说用香皂洗手这样的习惯是公众问是题而不是个人的间题，故排除。

32.【答案】A

【解析】本段属于典型的举例段落，根据例证题的解答思路，本题答案应该在上段寻找。阅读上段信息得知后两句同样在举例子，所以本题目的最终定位应该是第四段的首句: If you look hard enough，youproducts we use every dayare results of manufactured habits E由此得知“许多产品的使用都是被制造出的习惯”，因此举诸多产品为例目的就是阐述“人们很多习惯的改变”，所以A项为正确答案。

B项中的 urgent need在文中没有体现，C项中的 buying power在文中也没有体现，此两项属无中生有。D项中的 good habits显然是错误的标志，作者只是客观闻述产品对人们习惯的影响，没有评论这些习惯的好坏。

33.【答案】D

【解析】由文章第六段“，，Tide， Crest， and other products Creating positive habits is a hugepart of improving ourconsumers，lives”可知，Tide， Crest and other products p可以帮助顾客养成良好的习惯，而unilever虽然文中有提，但它是公司名称，并不是产品名称。所以D项为正确选项。

结合常识 Colgate和 Crest都是牙膏，也应该可以帮助人们养成良好的习惯。所以A、BC项都不是正确选项。

34.【答案】C

【解析本章最后一段第一句话中的“ there is power in trying certain behaviors to habitual cuethrough ruthlessadvertising”'是理解的关键。“ through ruthless advertising"”充分说明人们某些消费习惯的养成深受无情的广告的影响。综合文章前面的论述，广告产品对人们的影响很大，所以C项为正确笞案。A、B项是文章第一句中“完善建立自动行为的艺术”的错误理解，故排除。D项出自尾段首句 Through experimentsand observation这是社会学家所发现的途径，和问题无关。

35.【答案】B

【解析】文章的最后一句话的“ As this new science of habit has emerged.， controversies hayerupted when the tacticshave been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.”是理解的关键controversies have erupted众多争议产生，“ sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foi6出售有质疑的美容产品或是不健康的食品，综合两者可知广告对人们习惯的影响引起了众多争论，而且许多广告宣传的产品不真实。由此推出作者的观点是否定所以B项为正确答案C项与坐着的意思相反，应排除。文章的大部分内容是论述柯帯斯博士的研究，没有发表自己的观点，因此A项错误。D项在文中体现不出来，故排除